Kevine
Forum Replies Created
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1. Boise State University Scholarships
- USA
- Masters/PhD
- Tuition, accommodation, airfare, insurance
- https://www.boisestate.edu/graduatecollege/funding/scholarships-and-fellowships/
2. East-West Center-Graduate Degree Fellowship
- USA
- Masters/PhD
- Tuition, housing, stipend
- https://www.eastwestcenter.org/apply/east-west-center-graduate-degree-fellowship-apply-now
3. Ohio State University Scholarships
- USA
- Masters
- Tuition, stipend, summer employment
- https://recsports.osu.edu/about-us/employment/graduate-assistantships
4. University of Miami Stamps Scholarship
- USA
- Bachelors
- Tuition fee, housing, meal plan, health insurance etc
- https://admissions.miami.edu/undergraduate/financial-aid/scholarships/stamps/index.html
5. WashU McDonnell Scholars Academy
- USA
- Masters/PhD
- Tuition fee
- https://mcdonnell.washu.edu/apply/eligible-washu-programs/
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1. Maria Goeppert Mayer Fellowship
- USA
- PhD
- Full tuition, travel, research stipend
- https://www.anl.gov/hr/ldrd-named-fellowships
2. Tulane University
- USA
- Bachelors
- Fully funded, housing, meals, etc
- https://admission.tulane.edu/tuition-aid/merit-scholarships
3. Winconsin Madison King Morgridge Scholarship
- USA
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Full tuition, accommodation, stipend, etc
- https://admissions.wisc.edu/international-scholarships/
4. University of Mary Washington Scholarships
- USA
- Bachelors
- Full tuition, housing, food, research funding
- https://www.umw.edu/news/2025/08/01/umw-application-opens-aug-1-for-fall-2026-including-undergrad-science-fellowships/
5. Wilson Center Fellowship
- USA
- Post-Doc
- Stipend, networking opportunities etc
- https://www.wilsoncenter.org/fellowship-application-guidelines
6. University of Tulane Stamps Scholarships
- USA
- Bachelors
- Tuition fee, housing, meals etc
- https://admission.tulane.edu/tuition-aid/merit-scholarships
7. Iowa State University Merit Scholarship
- USA
- Bachelors
- Tuition fee (partially funded)
- https://www.iastate.edu/admission-and-aid/apply
8. American University Emerging Global Leader Scholarship
- USA
- Bachelors
- Tuition fee, room and board etc
- https://www.american.edu/admissions/international/au-egls-apply.cfm
9. Harvard Law School Fellowship
- USA
- Masters
- Stipend, accommodation, mentorship etc
- https://hls.harvard.edu/academics/fellowships-and-prizes/fellowships/the-reginald-f-lewis-fellowship-for-law-teaching/
10. Eastern Michigan University Presidential Scholarship
- USA
- Bachelors
- Tuition, Room and board
- https://www.emich.edu/admissions/scholarships/psc.php
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1. Francis Crick Institute Scholarship
- UK
- PhD
- Tuition, stipend, visa cost, travel expenses
- https://www.crick.ac.uk/careers-study/students/phd-student-recruitment
2. Loughborough University International Scholarships
- UK
- Bachelors
- 25% tuition fee
- https://www.lboro.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/fees-funding/scholarships/international-scholarships/
3. Wellcome Discovery Awards
- UK
- PhD
- Research expenses, travel costs etc
- https://wellcome.org/research-funding/schemes/wellcome-discovery-awards
4. Reach Oxford Scholarship
- UK
- Bachelors
- Course fees, living costs, airfare etc
- https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/fees-and-funding/oxford-support/reach-oxford-scholarship
5. University of Bristol Think Big Scholarship
- UK
- Bachelors/Masters
- Tuition fee
- https://www.bristol.ac.uk/international/fees-finance/scholarships/
6. Mundus MAPP Scholarship
- UK, Netherlands, Spain, Austria
- Masters
- Tuition, Insurance, travel cost etc
- https://www.mundusmapp.org/how-to-apply/
7. Andrew W. Mellon Postdoctoral Curatorial Fellowship
- USA
- Post-Doc
- $66,300 annual salary, travel stipend, health insurance, dental benefits
- https://www.metmuseum.org/opportunities/fellowships/andrew-w-mellon-postdoctoral-curatorial-fellowship
8. Stanford University Knight-Hennessy Scholarships
- USA
- Masters/PhD
- Tuition, stipend, airfare etc
- https://knight-hennessy.stanford.edu/admission
9. University of Notre Dame Visiting Fellowships
- USA
- Post-Doc
- $80,000 stipend, research funding, housing
- https://kellogg.nd.edu/opportunities/visiting-researchers/about-our-postdoctoral-visiting-fellowships
10. Getty Foundation Fellowships
- USA
- Post-Doc
- Full tuition, stipend, housing and healthcare etc
- https://www.getty.edu/projects/pre-and-postdoctoral-fellowships/
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1. Skoll Foundation Scholarship
- UK
- MBA
- Full tuition, living expenses, etc
- https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/oxford-experience/scholarships-and-funding/skoll-scholarships
2. University of Law Scholarships
- UK
- Bachelors/Masters
- Full tuition, alumni discount, financial support
- https://www.law.ac.uk/study/scholarships-bursaries/
3. University of Dundee Global Excellence Scholarship
- UK
- Bachelors/Masters
- £5000, Academic excellence recognition
- https://www.dundee.ac.uk/scholarships/global-excellence-scholarship-september-2025
4. British Academy Fellowship
- UK
- Post-Doc
- Salary, visa costs etc
- https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/funding/postdoctoral-fellowships/
5. David Sainsbury Scholarships in Global Plant Health
- UK
- Masters
- Tuition, stipend, Travel cost
- https://www.uea.ac.uk/study/fees-and-funding/scholarships/david-sainsbury-scholarships-in-global-plant-health
6. Optiver Foundation Scholarships
- UK
- Masters
- Cost fees, living cost
- https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/graduate/fees-and-funding/fees-funding-and-scholarship-search/optiver-foundation-scholarships
7. University of Cambridge Mastercard Foundation Scholars Program
- UK
- Masters
- Tuition, travel cost, living allowance etc
- https://www.mastercardfoundation.fund.cam.ac.uk/
8. Warwick PGR Scholarship
- UK
- PhD
- Tuition, stipend etc
- https://warwick.ac.uk/services/dc/schols_fund/applicants/competitions/#anchor1
9. Oxford University Clarendon Scholarship
- UK
- Masters/PhD
- Tuition, living expenses etc
- https://www.ox.ac.uk/clarendon/information-for-applicants/timeline
10. University of Kent Chevening Scholarship
- UK
- Masters
- Tuition, stipend, Travel costs, visa application costs etc
- https://www.kent.ac.uk/scholarships/search/FNADCHEVEN02
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1. ECTRIMS Research Fellowship Program
- Switzerland
- Post-Doc
- Annual stipend, transportation, mentorship etc
- https://ectrims.eu/fellowships/ectrims-postdoctoral-research-fellowship-exchange-programme/
2. ETH Zurich Focus Grants
- Switzerland
- Post-Doc
- Salary support, trainings etc
- https://grantsoffice.ethz.ch/funding-opportunities/internal/focus-grants.html
3. MBZUAI Scholarship
- UAE
- Masters/PhD
- Full Tuition, insurance, visa, stipend etc
- https://mbzuai.ac.ae/study/graduate-admission-process/
4. Commonwealth PHD Scholarship
- UK
- PhD
- Tuition, airfare, stipend, allowance etc
- https://cscuk.fcdo.gov.uk/scholarships/commonwealth-phd-scholarships-for-least-developed-countries-and-vulnerable-states/
5. AfOx Graduate Scholarships
- UK
- MBA
- Tuition, living cost, mentorship, alumni network
- https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/oxford-experience/scholarships-and-funding/afox-graduate-scholarships
6. Commonwealth Master’s Scholarship
- UK
- Masters
- Tuition, airfare, stipend etc
- https://cscuk.fcdo.gov.uk/scholarships/commonwealth-masters-scholarships/
7. King’s College Lindon Chevening Scholarship
- UK
- Masters
- Tuition, bursary. travel
- https://www.kcl.ac.uk/study-legacy/funding/chevening-scholarships
8. Africa Oxford Initiative Scholarships
- UK
- MBA
- Full tuition, stipend, training programs etc
- https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/oxford-experience/scholarships-and-funding/afox-graduate-scholarships
9. Chevening Scholarship
- UK
- Masters/PhD
- Full tuition, living allowance, travel costs
- https://www.chevening.org/apply/page/2/
10. Saïd Foundation scholarship
- UK
- Masters
- Full tuition, accommodation, stipend, etc
- https://saidfoundation.org/apply/
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1. Amar Telidji de Laghouat
- Saudi Arabia
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Full tuition, accommodation, living allowance
- http://lagh-univ.dz/en/saudi-arabia-study-in-saudi-arabia-scholarship-programme-for-the-academic-year-2025-2026/
2. Islamic University Madinah Scholarship
- Saudi Arabia
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Full tuition, accommodation, cash reward
- https://studyinsaudi.moe.gov.sa/Universities/Details/1
3. King Abudulaziz University Scholarships
- Saudi Arabia
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Full tuition, monthly stipend
- https://dsa-scholarships.kau.edu.sa/Default-211995-EN
4. Study in Saudi Arabia Scholarship
- Saudi Arabia
- Diploma, Masters, PhD, Post-Doc
- Tuition fee, healthcare, housing, travel expenses
- https://studyinsaudi.moe.gov.sa/Universities
5. National Scholarship Programme (NSP)
- Slovakia
- Masters/PhD
- Full tuition, monthly stipend, travel grant
- https://www.scholarships.sk/en/main/programme-terms-and-conditions/foreign-applicants
6. UST Scholarship
- South Korea
- Masters/PhD
- Full tuition, monthly stipend, medical insurance
- https://admission.ust.ac.kr/prog/entschGuideline/admission_eng/sub02_01_01/list.do
7. Nordic Scholarship Programme
- Sweden
- Masters/PhD/Post-Doc
- Travel expenses, accommodation, subsistence allowance.
- https://nai.uu.se/opportunities/nordic-scholarship-programme.html
8. SI Scholarship for Global Professionals
- Sweden
- Masters
- Tuition, allowance, travel grant
- https://si.se/en/apply/scholarships/swedish-institute-scholarships-for-global-professionals/
9. Biozentrum PhD Fellowships
- Switzerland
- PhD
- Full tuition, travel, monthly stipend
- https://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/phd/international-phd-program/phd-fellowships
10. University of Lausanne Scholarship
- Switzerland
- Masters
- Partially funded, CHF 1,600 per month
- https://www.unil.ch/unil/fr/home/menuinst/universite/international.html
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1. University of Twente Scholarship
- Netherlands
- Masters
- €3000 to €22,000 financial support
- https://www.utwente.nl/en/education/scholarship-finder/university-of-twente-scholarship/
2. Maastricht University NL-High Potential Scholarship
- Netherlands
- Masters
- Tuition, stipend, housing, books, groceries etc
- https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/studeren/toelating-inschrijving/financing-your-studies/scholarships/maastricht-university-nl-high
3. Otago PhD Scholarship
- New Zealand
- PhD
- Full tuition, annual stipend, etc
- https://www.otago.ac.nz/study/scholarships/university-of-otago-doctoral-scholarship
4. Otago Polytechnic Study Abroad Scholarships
- New Zealand
- Bachelors
- 30% Tution deduction
- https://www.op.ac.nz/explore/international-students/international-scholarships/2026-otago-polytechnic-study-abroad-scholarships
5. University of Auckland International Student Excellence Scholarship
- New Zealand
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Tuition fee
- https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/study/scholarships-and-awards/find-a-scholarship/university-of-auckland-international-student-excellence-scholarship-844-all.html
6. Omani Scholarship
- Oman
- Bachelors
- Full tuition, monthly stipend, round trip ticket
- https://www.hec.gov.pk/english/HECAnnouncements/Pages/Omani-Scholarship.aspx
7. University of Porto Scholarships
- Portugal
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Full tuition, living expenses, research costs
- https://www.up.pt/portal/en/live/student-life/scholarships-and-funding/
8. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Scholarship
- Qatar
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Tuition fee, stipend, accommodation, insurance etc
- https://www.hbku.edu.qa/en/scholarship
9. Doha Institute for Graduate Studies Scholarship
- Qatar
- Masters/PhD
- Tuition, accommodation health insurance ect
- https://www.dohainstitute.edu.qa/en/Admissions-Office/Pages/Scholarships.aspx
10. Open Doors Scholarship
- Russia
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Full tuition, stipends etc
- https://od.globaluni.ru/
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1. Government of Ireland Postgraduate Scholarship
- Ireland
- Masters/ PhD
- Tuition, research funding, stipend
- https://www.researchireland.ie/funding/government-ireland-postgraduate/
2. Enrico Fermi Fellowships (EFF)
- Italy
- PhD
- Salary support, travel allowances and research funds
- https://www.sif.it/news/1081
3. Bocconi University Scholarships
- Italy
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Full Tuition, accommodation
- https://www.unibocconi.it/en/applying-bocconi/bachelor-and-law-programs/funding
4. EDISU Piemonte Scholarship
- Italy
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Tuition fee, Accommodation, canteen services
- https://www.edisu.piemonte.it/en/services/scholarships-and-other-grants/scholarship
5. CA Foscari Scholarships
- Italy
- Bachelors/Masters
- Tuition fee, Living expenses, Recognition
- https://apply.unive.it/news/new/112-scholarships-high-achieving-students
6. APU MEXT UR Scholarship
- Japan
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Full tuition, Admission fee, airfare etc
- https://admissions.apu.ac.jp/graduate/how_to_apply/external_scholarship/u_recommendation/
7. Hokkaido University MEXT Scholarship
- Japan
- Bachelors/Masters/PhD
- Full tuition, monthly stipends, round-trip airfare
- https://www.global.hokudai.ac.jp/admissions/scholarships-for-prospective-students-2
8. Tokyo Metropolitan University
- Japan
- Masters/ PhD
- Full tuition, Admission fees, stipend, airfare
- https://www.ic.tmu.ac.jp/tokyogp/en/index.html
9. Asian Development Bank-Japan Scholarship Program
- Japan
- Masters
- Tuition, Books, Medical insurance,
- https://admissions.apu.ac.jp/graduate/how_to_apply/external_scholarship/adb_jsp/
10. PNST Fellowship Programme
- Japan
- Masters/ PhD
- Tuition, stipend, housing, food etc
- https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/access2space4all/PNST/PNST_Rounds.html
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1. Deutsches Museum Scholarship
- Germany
- Pre/ Post-Doc
- Annual stipend of €30000, fully funded
- https://www.deutsches-museum.de/en/research/research-institute/scholar-in-residence/application
2. ESO Science Communication Internship
- Germany
- Bachelors
- Monthly living expenses, accommodation etc
- https://recruitment.eso.org/
3. IMB International PhD Programme (IPP)
- Germany
- PhD
- Stipend, travel cost, accommodation etc
- https://www.imb.de/students-postdocs/international-phd-programme/apply-to-ipp
4. SBW Berlin Scholarship
- Germany
- Bachelors/Masters
- Tuition, living allowance, travel cost
- https://sbw.berlin/en/portfolio-items/sbw-berlin-scholarship
5. BERGSAS DAAD Scholarship
- Germany
- PhD
- Stipend, travel allowance, insurance etc
- https://www.berliner-antike-kolleg.org/en/bergsas/ausschreibungen/index.html
6. Erasmus Mundus EMABG Scholarship
- Germany, Austria
- Masters
- Tuition, accommodation, stipend, insurance
- https://www.emabg.eu/
7. Hongkong PhD Scholarship Scheme
- Hongkong
- PhD
- Stipend, Conference and Travel Allowance,
- https://cerg1.ugc.edu.hk/hkpfs/index.html
8. HKPFS Ph.D Fellowship
- Hongkong
- PhD
- Full tuition, $43,690/year stipend, allowance
- https://cerg1.ugc.edu.hk/hkpfs/index.html
9. Central European University Scholarship
- Hungary
- Bachelors, Masters, PhD
- Tuition, health insurance, stipend etc
- https://www.ceu.edu/admissions
10. Icelandic Ministry of Culture, Innovation and Higher Education Scholarship
- Iceland
- Bachelors
- Registration fee, stipend etc
- https://www.arnastofnun.is/en/about-scholarship
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1. University or Calgary Scholarships
- Canada
- Bachelors
- Full tuition, living expenses, etc
- https://www.ucalgary.ca/registrar/awards/university-calgary-international-entrance-scholarship
2. Lester B. Pearson International Student Scholarships
- Canada
- Bachelors
- Tuition, books, health insurance, accommodation
- https://future.utoronto.ca/pearson-scholarships
3. Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation Scholarship
- Canada
- PhD
- Tuition, living expenses etc
- https://www.trudeaufoundation.ca/scholarship
4. SJTU School of Medicine Scholarship
- China
- Master/ PhD
- Tuition, accommodation, insurance
- https://www.shsmu.edu.cn/iso_en/info/1032/1017.htm
5. China Link Chinese Government Scholarship
- China
- Masters/ PhD
- Tuition, accommodation, insurance
- https://yjs.hzau.edu.cn/info/1183/505838.htm
6. Yenching Academy of Peking University Fellowships
- China Masters
- Tuition, accommodation, airfare, stipend
- https://yenchingacademy.pku.edu.cn/ADMISSIONS.htm
7. AIAS-AUFF Fellowship
- Denmark
- PhD Salary, relocation assistance, travel costs
- https://aias.au.dk/opportunities-at-aias/aias-auff-fellowships
8. The France Excellence Eiffel scholarship program
- France
- Masters/ PhD
- Tuition, stipend, accommodation etc
- https://www.campusfrance.org/fr/le-programme-de-bourses-france-excellence-eiffel
9. DAAD EPOS Scholarship SEPT (Leipzig University)
- Germany
- MBA
- Full tuition, travel costs, health insurance etc
- https://www.wifa.uni-leipzig.de/en/sept-competence-center/masters-program
10. DAAD LEUPHANA UNIVERSITY PHD SCHOLARSHIP
- Germany
- PhD
- Funding support, collaboration etc
- https://www.daad.jp/en/university-ad/lueneburg-leuphana-jp-250812/
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The Maillard reaction and caramelization are pivotal non-enzymatic browning processes in food science, significantly influencing the sensory properties of cooked foods.
The Maillard reaction, named after French chemist Louis Camille Maillard who described it in 1912, involves the interaction between amino acids and reducing sugars, leading to the formation of melanoidins responsible for brown color and complex flavors.
Caramelization, conversely, is the thermal decomposition of sugars, producing distinct flavors and colors used in various culinary applications. This note explores their definitions, mechanisms, and differences, drawing from recent research and culinary examples.
- Research suggests the Maillard reaction involves amino acids and reducing sugars, while caramelization is the thermal breakdown of sugars.
- It seems likely that the Maillard reaction occurs at lower temperatures (140–165°C) compared to caramelization (105–180°C, depending on sugar type).
- The evidence leans toward both processes causing browning, but they differ in reactants and flavor outcomes.
The Maillard reaction is a chemical process between amino acids and reducing sugars, first noted by Louis Camille Maillard in 1912 during attempts to replicate biological protein synthesis. It is a form of non-enzymatic browning, typically active at temperatures ranging from 140°C to 165°C (280°F to 330°F).
The reaction proceeds through several stages:
- The carbonyl group of a reducing sugar reacts with the amino group of an amino acid, forming an unstable N-substituted glycosylamine and releasing water.
- This glycosylamine undergoes the Amadori rearrangement, stabilizing into ketosamines.
- Further reactions, including dehydration and deamination, produce dicarbonyls, which react with amines to form Strecker aldehydes via Strecker degradation, contributing to flavor and color.
- Temperature: Optimal at 140–165°C, though it can occur at lower temperatures under specific conditions.
- pH: Accelerated in alkaline environments, enhancing reaction rates.
- Water Activity: Requires moderate moisture levels for effective progression.
- Browning of bread crusts during baking.
- Flavor development in roasted coffee beans.
- Searing steaks, enhancing savory notes.
Background
Caramelization is the process of heating sugar, leading to thermal decomposition and the formation of brown polymers such as caramelans (C24H36O18), caramelens (C36H50O25), and caramelins (C125H188O80). It is a pyrolytic, non-enzymatic browning process, distinct from the Maillard reaction.
For sucrose, the process includes:
- Thermal decomposition into glucose and fructose.
- Isomerization and water elimination, followed by fragmentation and polymerization.
- Formation of volatile flavors (e.g., furans, maltol) and brown compounds, releasing chemicals like diacetyl for a buttery taste.
- Temperature: Varies by sugar type; fructose starts at 105°C (221°F), glucose at 150°C (302°F), sucrose at 170°C (338°F), and maltose at 180°C (360°F).
- pH: Fastest at acidic (pH below 3) or basic (pH above 9) conditions, slowest near neutral pH (around 7).
- Sugar Type: Monosaccharides like fructose brown faster than disaccharides like sucrose, with rates ordered as fructose > glucose > lactose > maltose > sucrose > isomalt.
- Caramel sauce, used in desserts.
- Caramelized onions, enhancing sweetness in savory dishes.
- Hardened caramel for decorating cakes, as seen in baking applications.
To elucidate the differences, consider the following table summarizing key aspects:
- Reactants Required: The Maillard reaction necessitates both amino acids and reducing sugars, while caramelization relies solely on sugars, making it independent of proteins.
- Temperature Overlap and Initiation: There is some overlap, with the Maillard reaction typically starting at 140°C and caramelization at 105°C for fructose, but often requiring higher temperatures (170°C+) for common sugars like sucrose.
- Products and Sensory Impact: Both processes brown food, but the Maillard reaction yields savory, complex flavors, while caramelization produces sweet, buttery notes, influencing culinary outcomes differently.
While both the Maillard reaction and caramelization contribute to food browning, they are distinct in their chemical requirements and mechanisms. The Maillard reaction, involving amino acids and sugars at moderate temperatures, is crucial for savory flavors, whereas caramelization, dependent on sugar decomposition at higher temperatures, enhances sweetness. These insights are vital for culinary applications, enabling precise control over food texture and taste, as supported by recent studies and culinary practices.